قائمة دراسات البرفسور اندريه لاروند عن ليبيا (A.Laronde)

بمناسبة الاحتفال ببلوغ البرفسور اندريه لاروند سن السبعين

L'Hellénisme,d'une rive à l'autre de la Méditerranée,

Mélanges offerts à André Laronde à l'occasion de son 70^ème anniversaire

صاحب المدونة مع البرفسور لاروند يوم الاحتفال

احتفلت جامعة السوربون (باريس 4) ببلوغ البرفسور لاروند سن السبعين باقامة ندوة على شرفه يوم السبت 16/10/2010 وقد شارك فيها عددا من المهتمين بالاثار الكلاسيكية والتاريخ القديم ، وقد تركزت الكثير من الاعمال المقدمة عن تاريخ وآثار ليبيا القديم ، وعن الاثار الرومانية في شمال افريقيا ، وبهذه المناسبة نقدم اهم دراسات البرفسور لاروند عن ليبيا للفائدة.

Bibliographie d’André Laronde sur Libye

هناك بعض الدراسات يمكنك الاطلاع عليها مباشرة وتحميلها ، تجد في نهايتها كلمة (lire)

Laronde, A.: Sur quelques grandes familles de Cyrène au IVe siècle av. J.C. - in: Actes du colloque d'histoire sociale 1970. (Besançon 1972) 63-74.

Laronde, A.: Histoire et archéologie en Cyrénaique. Perspectives nouvelles. - RA (1974) 190-192.

Laronde, A.: Néron, Apollon et Cyrène. - in: Mélanges offerts à Léopold Sédar Senghor. Langues, littérature, histoire anciennes. (Dakar 1977) 201-213, pl.

Laronde, A.; Dobias-Lalou, C.: Un nouveau fragment de la stèle des συλα de Cyrène. - REG 90 (1977) 1-14, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Première reconnaissance de la route grecque entre Cyrène et son port, Apollonia. - LibyaAnt 15-16 (1978-79)[1987] 187-198, Abb. Taf.

Laronde, A.: Variations du niveau de la mer sur les côtes de Cyrénaïque à l'époque historique. - DossAParis 50 (1981) 60-65, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Kainopolis de Cyrénaïque et la géographie historique. - CRAI (1983) 67-85, Abb.
Laronde, A.: Septime Sévère et Cyrène. - BAntFr (1983) 59-68, pl.

Laronde, A.: Apollonia de Cyrénaïque et son histoire. Neuf ans de recherches de la Mission archéologique française en Libye. - CRAI (1985) 93-115, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Aspects de l'exploitation de la chôra cyrénéenne. - in: Cyrenaica in antiquity. [Papers presented at the colloquium on society and economy in Cyrenaica, Cambridge March - April 1983.] (Oxford 1985) 183-191, Abb.

Laronde, A.: De Cyrène à Timgad. P. Flavius Pudens Pomponianus et sa famille. - AnnMacerata 18 (1985) 47-69, Abb. Taf.

Laronde, A.: Les ports de la Cyrénaïque. Ptolémais et Apollonia. - in: L'Africa romana. Atti del III Convegno di studio, Sassari 13-15 dicembre 1985. (Sassari 1986) 167-177, Abb. Taf.

Laronde, A.: Cyrène et la Libye hellénistique. "Libykai Historiai" de l'époque républicaine au principat d'Auguste. (Paris 1987) 524 S., Abb. Taf.

Laronde, A.: Isocrate et Cyrène. - QuadALibya 12 (1987) 33-39.

Laronde, A.: Prêtres d'Apollon à Cyrène au Ier siècle ap. J.C. - in: L'Africa romana. Atti del IV Convegno di studio, Sassari 12-14 dicembre 1986. (Sassari 1987) 469-484, Abb. Taf.

Laronde, A.: Recherches sous-marines dans le port d'Apollonia de Cyrénaïque. - BAntFr (1987) 322-330, pl.

Laronde, A.: La Cyrénaïque romaine, des origines à la fin des Sévères (96 av. J.C. - 235 ap. J.C.). - in: Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, 2, 10, 1. (Berlin 1988) 1006-1064, Abb. Taf.

Laronde, A.: Le port de Leptis Magna. - CRAI (1988) 337-353, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Prêtesses d'Héra à Cyrène. - in: L'Africa romana. Atti del V Convegno di studio, Sassari 11-13 dicembre 1987. (Sassari 1988) 279-286, pl.

Laronde, A.: La vie agricole en Libye jusqu'à l'arrivée des Arabes. - LibSt 20 (1989) 127-134, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Aspects méconnus du voyage de Granger en Cyrénaïque au XVIIIe siècle. - BAntFr (1990) 185-198, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Cyrène sous les derniers Battiades. - in: Cirene. Storia, mito, letteratura. Atti del [IV] Convegno della Società italiana per lo studio dell'antichità classica, Urbino 3 luglio 1988. (Urbino 1990) 35-50.

Laronde, A.: Greeks and Libyans in Cyrenaica. - in: Greek colonists and native populations. Proceedings of the First Australian Congress of Classical Archaeology, Sydney 9 - 14 July 1985. (Oxford 1990) 169-180, Abb. Taf.

Laronde, A.: Recherches sous-marines dans le port d'Apollonia de Cyrénaïque. Aperçu préliminaire. - in: Giornata lincea sulla archeologia cirenaica. Roma, 3 novembre 1987. (Roma 1990) 75-81.

Laronde, A.: Une inscription de Tunisie retrouvée. - in: L'Africa romana. Atti dell'VIII Convegno di studio, Cagliari 14 - 16 dicembre 1990. (Sassari 1991) 277-281, pl.

Laronde, A.: Recension de: "Greek constitutions of early Roman emperors from inscriptions and papyri." REG 104 (1991) 275-276.

Laronde, A.: La Cyrène grecque et romaine. - DossAParis 167 (1992) 6-15, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Les ports de Ptolémaïs et d'Apollonia. - DossAParis 167 (1992) 54-63, Abb.

Laronde, A.: La redécouverte de Cyrène. - DossAParis 167 (1992) 44-49, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Claude Le Maire et l'exportation des marbres de Lepcis Magna. - BAntFr (1993) 242-255, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Les emporia de la Cyrénaïque. - in: L'emporion. (Paris 1993) 89-97, pl.

Laronde, A.: Cités, ports et campagnes de la Cyrénaïque gréco-romaine. - RA (1994) 166-169, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Nouvelles recherches archéologiques dans le port de Lepcis Magna. - CRAI (1994) 991-1006, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Zeus Ammon en Libye. - in: Hommages à Jean Leclant, 3. Etudes isiaques. (Le Caire 1994) 331-338, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Apollonia de Cyrénaïque. Archéologie et histoire. - JSav (1996) 3-49, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Les Cyrénéens dans les Cyclades du IVème au Ier siècle av. J.C. - in: Le Cicladi ed il
mondo egeo. Seminario internazionale di studi, Roma 19 - 21 novembre 1992. (Roma 1996) 113-119.

Laronde, A.: L'exploitation de la chôra cyrénéenne à l'époque classique et hellénistique. - CRAI
(1996) 503-527, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Le silphium sur les monnaies de Cyrène. - in: Scritti di antichità in memoria di Sandro Stucchi, 1. La Cirenaica. La Grecia e l'Oriente mediterraneo. (Roma 1996) 157-168, Abb.

Laronde, A.: Claude et l'extension de la cité romaine à Cyrène. - in: Claude de Lyon, empereur
romain. Actes du colloque Paris - Nancy - Lyon, novembre 1992. (Paris [1998]) 333-339.

Laronde, A.; Sintès, C.: Recherches récentes dans le port d'Apollonia. - in: La Cirenaica in età antica. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Macerata 18 - 20 maggio 1995. (Pisa 1998) 301-310.

Attiyah el Jiteily, H.B.; Laronde, A.: L'Useita. La route de Cyrène à Phycous et la campagne avoisinante. - Karthago 24 (1999) 125-133.

Laronde, A.: La guerre à Cyrène au IVème siècle av. J.C. - in: Πoικιλμα. Studi in onore di Michele R. Cataudella in occasione del 60º compleanno. (La Spezia 2001) 641-650.

Laronde, A.: Cyrène et Apollonia. - in: Greek archaeology without frontiers. (Athens 2002)
223-234.

Laronde, A, Quelques sites de la Libye antique et Ibn Battuta, Comptes rendus de l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 2003, fasc. 1. [Site Persée consulté le 22.06.09]. Lire

Laronde, A, Un nouveau portrait de Ptolémée III à Apollonia de Cyrénaïque, Comptes rendus de
l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 2001, fasc. 2. [Site Persée consulté le 22.06.09]. Lire

La mosaïque de l'Afrique antique, synthèse de la matinée, Comptes rendus de l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 2001, fasc. 1. [Site Persée consulté le 18.06.09]. Lire

Le port de Lepcis Magna, Comptes rendus de l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 1988, fasc. 2. [Site Persée consulté le 18.06.09]. Lire

L'exploitation de la chôra cyrénéenne à l'époque classique et hellénistique, Comptes rendus de l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 1996, fasc. 2. [Site Persée consulté le 22.06.09]. Lire

Nouvelles recherches archéologiques dans le port de Lepcis Magna, Comptes rendus de l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 1994, fasc. 4. [Site Persée consulté le 22.06.09]. Lire

Apollonia de Cyrénaïque et son histoire. Neuf ans de recherches de la mission archéologique française en Libye, Comptes rendus de l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 1985, fasc. 1. [Site Persée consulté le 18.06.09]. Lire

Kainopolis de Cyrène et la géographie historique, Comptes rendus de l'Académie (CRAI), AIBL, 1983, fasc. 1. [Site Persée consulté le 22.06.09]. Lire

Audio (classement chronologique, du plus récent au plus ancien)

André Laronde : un archéologue en Libye. Les ruines grecques, romaines et byzantines de Libye, Canal Académie. Mise en ligne novembre 2007. [Site consulté le 22.06.09]. Écouter

هذا لقاء مع البرفسور لاروند عن الاثار الليبية:

Laronde, A ,Mission archéologique française en Libye : Leptis Magna, les thermes du Levant, campagne d'Août 2003. Le mobilier céramique 2003

Laronde, A , Mission archéologique française en Libye : rapport préliminaire sur la campagne 2002 à Apollonia de Cyrénaïque ; rapport de fouilles Apollonia, recherches sous-marines ; rapport préliminaire sur la campagne 2002 à Leptis Magna ; note de synthèse sur les opérations projetées en 2002-2003

Laronde, A.: L'Afrique romaine (Ier siècle av. J.-C.- IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)Pallas (Pallas. Revue d'études antiques / Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail - Toulouse) 2005

Laronde, A, Leptis Magna, la splendeur et l'oubli, Paris:2005

ملخص باللغة الانجليزية لكتاب خالد الهدار ، دراسة القبور الفردية و اثاثها الجنائزي في توكرة / تاوخيرا

Elhaddar Khaled , A study of the individual graves and their funeral furniture at Tocra from the late fifth Century B.C. to the first Century A.D. , Benghazi:2006

This study is concerned with a certain type of tombs the individual graves or what is normally termed as Cist-Graves - and its funeral furniture in a specific site "Tocra" and during a specific period from the late fifth Century B.C to the first Century A.D. When this type of tombs was dominate in Tocra.
The study coves all the individual graves and their furniture excavated at Tocra from the time of G. Dennis 1865-1867 up to the excavations carried out by the writer of this research between 1988 - 1990.
Those excavations furnished adequate archaeological material which motivated such a study of this type of tombs.
Some of those excavations were published but they have not received proper study and consequently requires reconsiderations and further investigations like those of Dnnis, Robester 1944, Brown 1947 and the excavations of write 1956.
Others represent novel archaeological material like the tombs excavated in 1967, 1968, 1972, 1987 and those of 1988-1990.
This type of tombs was particularly chosen because it was insufficiently investigated at neither the region of Cyrenaica nor Tocra's levels. The individual graves of this city were especially chosen because they were the dominate type of tombs in Tocra during a long period of time; this undoubtedly helps in studding the burial rites and its developments if existed at all.
The nature of the material "the tombs" and the method adopted in studding it led to dividing the thesis into two main parts: part one deals with the individual graves and part two deals with the funeral furniture found in those tombs. Each part is subdivided into three chapters as follows:

Part one
Chapter one: Historical and Geographical background of Tocra
This chapter deals with:
The historical and geographical aspects of the city of Tocra and it is therefore an introductory chapter. It is at the same time indispensable for it gives the study of the tombs a time and place dimensions.
The geographical location of the city as well as the natural factors which played a part in founding it.
The importance of the fossil dunes where the individual graves were dugout.
The soil of the city and how it contributed to the manufacturing of pottery in Tocra.
The ... of settlement in the city before the coming of the Greeks in order to establish the existence of Libyans in this region in pre-historical times and during the Greeco-Roman settlements.
The renomations of the city during this long period.
The historical periods up to the first century A.D when this type of tombs ceased to be practiced.
The relationship between the Libyans and the Greeks.
And Lastly the urban developments of Tocra and its main monuments.

Chapter two: A study of the individual graves
This chapter is concerned with the individual graves in Tocra and is divided into an introduction and eight topics.
The introduction deals with the emergence and the prevalence of the individual graves in both the ancient world and in Cyrenaica. It also deals with reasons behind the emergence and prevalence of those graves at Tocra in particular as compared to other cities in Cyrenaica.
Topic I deals with recovering the individual graves. This serves as an introduction to the study of those tombs for the history of discronvering them includes all the excavations carried out in those graves which are the subject of our research. Those excavations were evaluated and criticized in order to reveal this a vantages and disadvantages. It also deals with the method of work and the way of digging adopted in the 1988-1990 excavations which is believed to be as the ideal method in digging such tombs.
Topic II is concerned with the choice of site for the individual graves in Tocra and why such sites were chosen as well as the method employed in preparing and designing the graves.
Topic III gives description of the tombs from Dennis's to 1988-90 excavations. Every single descriptions gives the location and general descriptions of all the tombs including orientations, type of tomb, covering, number, dimension, manner of burial, position of decease and any other particularity of each tomb. The description includes a list of findings and the number of each item in the catalogue.
Topic IV studies the different designs figured out through a study of the major characteristics of all the graves. Two main type were established. Each has numerous forms and styles. Each style is then given a definition, the location of its tombs in Tocra cemeteries, orientations, interior and exterior descriptions, size, and dimensions.
The date of each style compared to other tombs in or outside the region are also discussed.

Topic V studies the human remains found in the tombs with emphasis on determining the sex and age of the deceased and why the remains were not fully and scientifically examined.
Topic VI studies the re-use of the tombs. It was noticed that a number of tombs were later re-used. This phenomena is fully reviewed; namely where, how, why and when this phenomena was practiced.

Topic VII is termed the community of Tocra through its individual graves. Some social aspects deducted from the study of the individual graves are presented starting with the inhabitants of Tocra and determining the class that were buried in those tombs and attempting to determine the size of the population through the tombs.
The study of the tombs also revealed some social organizations concerned with family relations and economic and class disparity.
Topic VIII deals with the history of the individual graves. Here, the methods of dating these graves are generally criticized and a new method of dating Tocra graves is propose. The history of Tocra individual graves of each excavation is given based on the dates of findings. These finding are fully discussed in part two. Tombs already published are redated.
It was then important to discuss the Greek burial rites with their application to Tocra graves. Chapter three of this study is therefore is devoted to this subject. This chapter is divided into three main topics:

Topic I deals with the Greek outlook to death, burial, and the underworld.

Topic II deals with the funeral rites and customs where procedures followed from the time of death until the burial and the subsequent rites.

Topic III is concerned with the funeral furniture namely what the furniture is, why it is placed in the tombs and its different kinds in general with emphasis on the furniture found in Tocra individual graves with regard to its deferent types, position, number of items, its relation to the decease's economic status and sex.
To acquaint the reader with all the graves discovered special catalogues describing the tombs and all relevant material-fully discussed in chapter two and three are attached.

Part two
This part deals with the funeral furniture found in the individual graves and is consequently related to part one. Here the furniture is looked at in terms of its types, its vase "forms and styles" and its tools. These are classified and dated.
The method adapted in studding the furniture is introduced in the beginning of this part.

Chapter one of part two studies decorated and glared pottery (1-34). These vases are classified as Panathenaic amphorae, red-figure vases, miscellaneous and black-figure vases. Each is separately discussed.
The Panathenaic amphorae (1-6) are viewed by giving a brief account of the celebration in which the Panathenaic amphorae were granted and how such amphorae reached Tocra.

The decorated elements of the Panathenaic amphorae are comparatively and analytically studied and then dated.
The re-figure vases (7-12) are classified according to their form like the Lekythoi ... etc. The names of different vases, their usage in daily life and burial rites are presented. The main decorated elements of each vase and their origins are also dealt with. They are then compared with similar examples found in other sites and dated according to their style.

The some method is applied in studding the miscellaneous (3-17) like the Corinthian cups and the black-figure vases (18-34).

Chapter two is devoted to vases made of coarse pottery (35-140). The importance of this kind of pottery in general and to Tocra in particular is introduced. The classification of different vases as well as the components and their characteristic are experimented in the lab by the writer are also given. The method of dating is then pointed out.
Coaise pottery is divided according to its forms and functions, drinking, transporting vases ... etc. Each type is further subdivided into styles in accordance to their developments.
The method followed in studding coarse pottery is the same as that applied in studding the decorated and black-glazed pottery. Lastly, the manufacturing of coarse pottery at Tocra from the fifth century B.C to the first century A.D is discussed.

Chapter three deals with other finds (150-228) such as lamps, Terra-cottas, marbles, Glass and metals. Each class is discussed separately: Lamps (150-174) for example are divided into two groups, imported and local. They are then classified into various types according to their forms and origins as well as the general development of Greek lamps and their characteristics. They are then compared to similar models to date them. In the end, the percentages of imported to locally made lamps is presented. Lastly, the artistic influences on the locally made lamps are viewed.
The method applied in studding the lamps is also adopted in studding the items manufactured in terra-cotta (175-211) like the terra- cotta figurines and other make-up objects with emphasis on Tanagra style which is very common.
Marble, Glass (212-215) and metal finds (216-228) are similarly studied with concentrations on the function of each object in daily life and consequently their value in the burial rites and customs.
The research ends with main conclusions reached by the writer through studding the individual graves.

Separate volume of numerous appendixes is attached to the thesis.
Appendix one lists all the funeral furniture studied. It identified the finding, its catalogue number, source, current place and its number in the storeroom or museum files.
Appendix two (the catalogue)) gives a minute and comprehensive description of each finding in terms of dimensions, source, full description and other extra information not included in the paper. This means that the catalogue complements part two of the research; so that if the researcher wants to know more about any finding he or she can refer to this appendix.
Appendix three gives a detailed accounts of the components of the pottery through a petrological analytic.
There is also another chart which presents some statistics of the ratios and percentages of certain perfume bottles the inguentaria dimensions.
Appendix four gives a list of names and number of cities as they appear in the maps.
Appendix five is devoted to maps, figures and illustrations of tombs, some of which are prepared by the writer himself, others were prepared by the late Dr. F. Shaaban. The writer's wife Muna Bel Khair has helped in producing most of the illustrations in their final forms.
Appendix six gives charts designed according to Excel 5 system and is concerned with the graves and their funeral furniture.
Appendix seven gives plates and forms of the graves and their funeral furniture.